KUKUA NA KUENEA KWA KISWAHILI

1. 1. KUKUA NA KUENEA KWA KISWAHILI Mussa Shekinyashi
2. 2. Kukua kwa Lugha.  Kukua kwa lugha ni kuongezeka kwa msamiati na kuimarika kwa sarufi ya lugha husika.  Lugha ya Kiswahili imepitia katika vipindi mbalimbali vya mabadiliko ya kimfumo wa kimaisha na kiutawala.  Watawala mbalimbali, kama waarabu, wajerumani na waingereza wamechangia kukua kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.  Katika vipindi hivi vyote lugha ya Kiswahili imeongeza msamiati, imeimarisha sarufi na kuimarisha matumizi yake katika jamii.  Mfano wa misamiati ya Kiswahili yenye asili ya lugha za kigeni ni: Bakora, kitabu, meza ,shule, alasiri, n.k
3. 3. Kuenea kwa Lugha  Kuenea kwa lugha ni ongezeko la watumiaji wa lugha hiyo kutoka katika jamii lugha ya asili.  Hii inamaana kuwa, lugha inapopanuka kimatumizi kutoka katika chimbuko lake la asili lugha hiyo husemwa kuwa imeenea.  Lugha ya Kiswahili ina asili ya kibantu na chimbuko lake ni pwani ya Afrika Mashariki.  Lakini leo hii Kiswahili kinazungumzwa katika sehemu mbalimbali Afrika na duniani kwa ujumla. Hivyo Kiswahili kimeenea.  Zipo sababu za msingi zilizopelekea Kiswahili kuenea na kufikia kilipo leo.
4. 4. Kukua na Kuenea kwa Kiswahili Kabla ya Uhuru  Kukua na kuenea kwa Kiswahili kabla ya uhuru kunaweza kutazamwa katika vipi vitatu; Katika enzi ya Waarabu Katika enzi ya wajerumani Katika enzi ya waingereza
5. 5. Kukua na Kuenea kwa Kiswahili enzi ya Waarabu
6. 6. Kiswahili Katika Enzi ya Waarabu  Waarabu walipofika katika upwa wa Afrika Mashariki katika karne ya nane (8) walikuta wabantu wakizungumza lugha zao za kibantu kikiwemo Kiswahili.  Walijishughulisha na mambo mablimbali yaliyopelekea kukua na kuenea kwa Kiswahili katika kipindi hicho.  Mambo hayo ni kama ;  Dini  Biashara  Elimu  kuoana.
7. 7. Dini  Waarabu waliopata kufika katika upwa wa Afrika Mashariki katika karne ya nane na kuendelea. Mbali na malengo mengine walikuja na lengo la kueneza dini ya kiislamu.  Iliwapasa kujifunza Kiswahili ili wakitumie kufanya mawaidha. Hivyo kwa kufanya hivyo Kiswahili kilipata nafasi ya kutumika katika kueneza dini ya kiislamu.  Katika matumizi hayo misamiati kama sharia, kitabu, jehanamu, mufti, maalim (mwalimu), na sahil (Swahili) iliongezwa katika Kiswahili. Hapa Kiswahili kilipata nafasi ya kukua.  Katika shughuli hizi za kidini Kiswahili kilitumika hadi bara ya Afrika Mashariki. Mfano Kigoma na Tabora. Maeneo haya yote yalifikiwa na waarabu. Huko kote walitumia Kiswahili. Hapa Kiswahili kilipata kuenea.  Hivyo, kuenezwa kwa dini ya kiislamu kulisaidia kukua na kuenea kwa Kiswahili.
8. 8. Jamii ya Bantu waliosilimu na kuwa waumini wa dini ya Kiislamu katika karne ya 10 hadi 14. Hawa pia walipata nafasi ya kukifahamu kiswahili.
9. 9. Biashara  Biashara ndio lengo kuu la ujio wa Waarabu katika pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. Walifanya biashara kwa kubadilishana bidhaa na wenyeji wa Afrika mashariki.  Bidhaa kubwa walizoleta waarabu ilikuwa ni nguo, viungo vya chakula, shanga, silaha na urembo.  Bidhaa walizohitaji kutoka kwa waafrika ni pembe za ndovu, dhahabu, watumwa na ngozi za wanyama.  Katika shughuli hizi za kibiashara Kiswahili kilitumika. Hivyo misamiati mingi iliongezeka katika lugha ya Kiswahili kutokana na uhitaji wa biashara. Hivyo Kiswahili kilikua kimsamiati.  Lakini pia waarabu walifanya biashara na jamii za bara ya Afrika Mashariki. Hivyo iliwalazimu kuunda misafara ya kwenda na kurudi kutoka bara. Walifika hadi Tabora, Kigoma hadi kongo. Huko kote walitumia Kiswahili kama lugha ya mawasiliano. Kwa kufanya hivyo Kiswahili kilienea.  Hivyo, biashara na waarabu ilisaidia Kiswahili kukua na kuenea.
10. 10. Ramani ya Afrika Mashariki Kuonesha misafara ya kibiashara wakati wa biashara kati ya wabantu na waarabu. Mzagao huu ulisaidia Kiswahili kukua na kuenea Msafara wa watumwa kutoka bara wakielekea pwani. Hawa walichukuliwa utumwa. Biashara hii ilichochea kukua na kuenea kwa Kiswahili.
11. 11. Elimu  Kutambulishwa kwa dini ya kiislamu kulifungumana na utoaji wa elimu ya dini.  Madrasa zilianzishwa ili kutoa elimu hiyo kwa watoto na vijana wa kibantu. Lugha iliyotumika kutoa elimu hiyo ni Kiswahili.  Hapo misamiati kama kitabu, madrasa, darasa, bakora, juzuu n.k iliongezeka katika lugha ya Kiswahili.  Pia, hati ya kiarabu ilitumika kuandika lugha ya Kiswahili. Mfano utenzi wa Fumo Lyongo Ulianza kwa kuandikwa kwa hati ya kiarabu. Hivyo Kiswahili kilikua.  Elimu hiiyo haikutolewa katika maeneo ya pwani tu bali iliendelea kutolea hadi bara ya Afrika Mashariki. Maeneo kama Ujiji, Kondoa na Tabora madrasa zilifunguliwa ili kutoa elimu hiyo ya dini. Hivyo Kiswahili kilienea.  Hivyo elimu iliyotolewa na waarabu kwa Wabantu ilisaidia kukua na kuenea kwa Kiswahili.
12. 12. Baadhi ya watoto wa kibantu wakipata mawaidha ya dini ya Kiislamu kwa Lugha ya Kiswahili Mfano wa Madrasa za mwazo zilizotumiwa na waarabu kufundisha elimu ya dini ya Kiislamu
13. 13. Ndoa  Mbali na masuala ya biashara na dini waarabu walioana na wakazi wa Afrika mashariki na kujenga makazi katika pwani hata bara ya Afrika mashariki.  Muunganiko huo wa Kifamilia ulisaidia kukuza lugha ya Kiswahili kwa kuwa baadhi ya misamiati ya kiarabu iliibukia katika Kiswahili; mfano neno chotara, ami n. k  Watoto waliozaliwa katika ndoa hizo walikuwa ni chotara na walizungumza Kiswahili.  Kadri waarabu walivyosambaa ndivyo ndoa kati yao na wabantu zilivyoongezeka na ndivyo lugha ya Kiswahili ilivyopata nafasi ya kuzungumzwa zaidi na zaidi.  Hivyo, ndoa kati ya waarabu na wabantu zilipelekea kukua nakuenea kwa Kiswahili.
14. 14. Kwa kuhitimisha…  Biashara  Dini  Elimu na  Ndoa  Vyote kwa pamoja, katika kipindi cha utawala wa waarabu, vilichangia katika kukuza na kueneza lugha ya Kiswahili.
15. 15. Kukua na Kuenea kwa Kiswahili enzi ya Wajerumani
16. 16.  Wajerumani walifika Afrika Mashariki mnamo karne ya 19. Waliichukua na kuitawala Tanganyika kama koloni.  Wajerumani walipofika Tanganyika walikuta lugha ya Kiswahili ndio lugha kuu katika sehemu kuu ya nchii nzima. Misingi hii ilikuwa imejengwa na mwarabu katika kipindi chake chote cha utawala wa Afrika Mashariki.  Pamoja na vikwazo kadhaa kutoka Ujerumani lakini hawakuwa na budi kuendelea kukitumia Kiswahili katika nyanja mbalimbali za kiutawala na kiuchumi.  Kwa nafasi yao, wajerumani walichangia kukua na kuenea kwa Kiswahili kama ifuatavyo:
17. 17. Utawala  Shughuli za ki-utawala katika kipindi hiki cha ukoloni wa mjerumani Kiswahili kilitumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano.  Kila akida alilazimika kufahamu kiswahili ili aweze kupewa jukumu la kusimamia shughuli mbalimbali za kiserikali.  Kwa kuwa utawala wa Kijerumani ulienea kila sehemu katika nchi ya Tanganyika hivyo kiswahili kilienea pia.  Hivyo utawala umesaidia kuenea kwa kiswahili.
18. 18. Elimu  Wajerumani walitoa elimu kwa waafrika ili kuandaa wasaidizi katika utawala wao.  Shule hizi zilifundisha masomo mbalimbali. Masomo yote yalitolewa kwa lugha ya kiswahili.  Wajerumani walijenga shule sehemu kama; Tabora, Ujiji, Kasangu, Tukuyu , Moshi n.k  Kiswahili kilipata nafasi ya kufahamika vyema katika sehemu mbalimbali za Tanganyika kutokana na elimu iliyokuwa ikitolewa.
19. 19. Mahakama  Ili kuweza kuwatawala waafrika iliwapasa wajerumani kuweka sharia mbalimbali na mahakama yakusimamia sharia hizo.  Mahakama zote nchini Tanganyika ziliendeshwa kwa kutumia lugha ya kiswahili.  Hivyo lugha ya kiswahili ilitumika katika sehemu kubwa ya Tanganyika.  Hivyo, kiswahili kilikuwa na kuenea kwa kasi.
20. 20. Mashamba na shughuli za Kiuchumi  Wajerumani walianzisha mashamba mengi na makubwa.  Walilazimisha watu kutoka bara na pwani kufanyakazi katika mashamba hayo.  Kwa kuwa watu walikuwa wanatoka kwenye makabila mbalimbali hivyo walizungumza lugha tofauti tofauti.  Wajerumani walilazimisha Kiswahili kiwe lugha ya mawasiliano miongoni mwa wafanyakazi hao.  Hivyo Kiswahili kiliendelea kukua.
21. 21. Shughuli za Kidini (Wamishenari)  Wajerumani walisambaza dini ya kikristo.  Walitumia Kiswahili kufanya mahubiri.  Kwa kuwa makanisa yalisambaa kila sehemu katika Tanganyika hivyo Kiswahili nacho kilisambaa.  Mashirika ya kimishenari ya kijerumani yaliandika sarufi ya Kiswahili ya kwanza.  Hivyo Kiswahili kilikua.
22. 22. Kukua na Kuenea kwa Kiswahili enzi ya Waingereza
23. 23.  Baada ya vita vya kwanza vya dunia, koloni la Tanganyika liliwekwa chini ya utawala wa Waingereza.  Waingereza walikuta mifumo ya kiutawala iliyowekwa na mjerumani, hivyo wao nao waliiendeleza katika utawala wao.  Kiswahili nacho kilienedelea kutumiwa na watawala hawa katika nyanja mbalimbali za kiutawala, kielimu na kiuchumi kama njia ya mawasiliano baina yao na wenyeji wa Tanganyika.  matumizi haya ya Kiswahili yalipelea kuendelea kukua na kuenea kwa lugha hii yenye asili ya pwani ya Afrika Mashariki.  Sababu zilizosaidia kukua na kuenea kwa Kiswahili katika enzi za Waingereza ni kama zifuatazo:
24. 24. Kusanifisha Kiswahili  Kusanifisha lugha ni kulinganisha lugha na kuifanya ikubalike na wazungumzaji wake.  Waingereza walikisanifisha Kiswahili kwa kuchagua kiunguja kuwa Kiswahili fasaha kutoka katika lahaja nyingi za Kiswahili.  Kiunguja kilitumiwa katika nyaraka za serikali, kufundishia mashuleni, mahakamani na katika huduma zote za kijamii.  Kwa kufanya hivyo Kiswahili kilikua na kuenea kwa kasi zaidi.
25. 25. Elimu  Waingereza nao pia walitoa elimu kwa waafrika (watanganyika).  Katika elimu hiyo Kiswahili kilitumika kama lugha ya kufundishia kuanzia darasa la kwanza mpaka darasa la nne.  Kuanzia darasa la tano hadi la kumi na mbili Kiswahili kilifundishwa kama somo.  Kwa mfumo huu wa elimu Kiswahili kilipata nafasi ya kukua na kuenea katika sehemu kubwa ya Tanganyika.
26. 26. Shughuli za Kidini  Madhehebu ya Kikristo yenye asili ya Uingereza yalitambulishwa nchini Tanganyika.  Mfano dhehebu la Ki-Angrikana.  Mbali na hayo, madhehebu mengine ya kikristo yaliruhusiwa kuendeleza shughuli zao za kimishenari nchini Tanganyika.  Mahubiri yalifanywa kwa Kiswahili.  Walitafsiri biblia kutoka kingereza kwenda lugha ya Kiswahili.  Pia, walianzisha shule za ki- seminari zilizotoa elimu kwa Kiswahili.  Hivyo Kiswahili kilikua na kuenea kwa kasi
27. 27. Vyombo vya Habari  Waingereza walianzisha vyombo mbalimbali vya habari kama redio na magazeti.  Madhumini makuu ya vyombo hivi ilikuwa ni kuwapasha habari wananchi katika masuala mbalimbali.  Kiswahili kilitumika katika kurusha matangazo na kuandika habari hizo.  Mfano Redio Tanganyika ilianzishwa na Gazeti la Mwangaza.  Kupitia vyombo vya habari Kiswahili kilikua na kuenea kwa kasi nchini Tanganyika.
28. 28. Jeshi na Vikosi vya Usalama  Katika vikosi vya usalama kama majeshi la KAR na jeshi la Polisi Kiswahili kilitumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano.  Maofisa wa jeshi na askari wote walikitumia Kiswahili katika masuala yao ya kijeshi.  Kwa kufanya hivyo Kiswahili kilienea na kukua kwa kasi Zaidi.
29. 29. Suala la Utawala  Kama ilivyokuwa kwa wajerumani, waingereza nao walilazimisha kila chifu afahamu Kiswahili ili atumike katika shughuli za kiutawala.  Wafanyakazi wote katika ngazi ya chini ya ajira serikalini iliwapasa wafahamu Kiswahili.  Vigezo hivi vilikuwa chachu ya kukua na kuenea kwa Kiswahili nchini Tanganyika wakati wa utawala wa mkoloni.
30. 30. Kwa kuhitimisha…  Watawala hawa; waarabu, wajerumani na waingereza wamechangika kwa kiasi kikubwa katika kukua na kuenea kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.  Hoja kadhaa zilizojadiliwa katika uwasilishaji huu zinaonesha mchango wao katika kukuza na kueneza Kiswahili.
31. 31. Asanteni kwa kunisikiliza…

Mbunge Bwege ataka Bombardier mbili ziuzwe

Mbunge wa Kilwa Kusini(CUF),Suleiman Bungara (Bwege) amependekeza kuuzwa kwa ndege mbili aina ya Bombardier ili fedha zitakazo patikana zitumike katika changamoto ya upatikanaji wa maji nchini.

 

Mbunge huyo ametoa kauli hiyo leo, Mei 8 Bungeni Mjini Dodoma wakati wa Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji na Umwagiliaji kwa mwaka 2018/019.

“Serikali inatakiwa kutoa fedha za maendeleo kwasababu mnachokisema sio mnachokitenda leo mwananchi umuulize ndege na maji kipi kizuri , nyinyi wabunge kama kweli tuwaulize kununua ndege na kuwapa watu maji nini bora? alihoji.

“Miaka 57 ya CCM tunaongelea maji? serikali ya CCM amkeni kama hakuna Maji, kama hatupati maji serikali ya CCM bai bai, maji ni uhai tunawaambia kila binadamu kaumbwa na maji, nakusifu sana Waziri wa Maji nakusifu sana Katibu wa Wizara ya Maji,Mh. Kitila Mkumbo alikuwa huku huku kwetu. Nakuomba Mh. Spika tuunze ndege mbili tutatue tatizo la Maji,”

Aidha Mbunge huyo alisema kuwa wanaotaka maji waseme na wanaosema inunuliwe ndege wasimame na wanaotaka wasimame huku akisema wakirudi 2020 yeye sio Bwege.

Hata hivyo, Spika Job Ndugai amesema “Nakushukuru sana kwa mchango wako maneno mengine jamani tunaambiwa ukweli tu kwasababu hata tukimlaumu Waziri, Naibu wake, Katibu Mkuu tutakuwa tunawaone tuu, maana tukiacha mfuko wa maji serikali imetoa asilimia 11 ya mfuko wa maji kwa vyanzo vya ndani kwa Wizara hii.”

CHANZO KUTOKA:BONGO5

Marekani yajiondoa katika mpango wa nyuklia wa Iran

Viongozi wa mataifa ya magharibi wanasema kuwa wataendelea kuuunga mkono makubaliano ya kinyuklia ya Iran muda mfupi baada ya Marekani kutangaza kuwa inajiondoa katika makubaliano hayo.

Uingereza, Ufaransa na Ujerumani zinasema kuwa watafanya kazi pamoja na matiafa yote yaliosalia katika mkataba huo huku ikiitaka Marekani kutovuruga utekelezwaji wake.

Mataifa mengine yalioweka mkataba huo wa 2015- Urusi na China pia yamesema yataendelea kuunga mkono makubaliano hayo.

Iran imesema kuwa inafanya kazi kunusuru makubaliano hayo bila ya ushirikiano wa Marekani.

”Mataifa yetu yataendelea kuunga mkono makubaliano hayo na yatafanya kazi na mataifa yanaoendelea kuunga mkono mkataba huo”, Uingereza, Ujerumani na Ufaransa zilisema katika taarifa ya pamoja.

Siku ya Jumanne rais wa Iran Hassan Rouhani alisema: “Nimeagiza wizara ya maswala ya kigeni kujadiliana na mataifa ya Ulaya ,China na Urusi katika majuma yajayo”.

”Iwapo tutaafikia malengo ya makubaliano haya kwa ushirikikiano wa wanachama wengine basi makubaliano hayo yataendelea kuheshimiwa”.

Mkakati wa pamoja uliizuia Iran kuendelea na mpango wake wa kinyuklia huku Umoja wa mataifa ukikubali kuiondolea vikwazo Iran vilivyowekwa pamoja na, Marekani na bara Ulaya.

 

CHANZO KUTOKA:BBC SWAHILI

TAMBWE APEWA TANO NA STAA HUYU KUTOKA SIMBA

 

Wakati kikosi cha Simba kikikaribia kutangaza ubingwa wa Ligi Kuu Bara msimu huu, mshambuliaji wa timu hiyo, Mganda, Emmanuel Okwi ametoa kauli ya kummwagia sifa mshambuliaji wa Yanga, Mrundi, Amissi Tambwe.

Okwi ambaye anaongoza msimu huu katika michuano ya Ligi Kuu Bara kwa kuzifumania nyavu akiwa na mabao 20, amemmwagia sifa Tambwe kutokana na kazi kubwa aliyoifanyia Yanga msimu wa 2015/16.

Katika msimu huo, Tambwe alifanikiwa kuifungia timu yake hiyo ya Yanga mabao 21, huku pia akifanikiwa kuwa mfungaji bora.

Kwa mujibu wa gazeti la Championi Jumatano, Okwi alisema kuwa amefikia hatua hiyo ya kumpongeza Tambwe kutokana na kuitambua kazi kubwa aliyoifanyia Yanga msimu huo lakini pia heshima ambayo alitoa hivi karibuni dhidi yake baada ya kufanikiwa kuzivunja baadhi ya rekodi zake za kuzifumania nyavu pamoja na za wachezaji wengine.

“Siku zote unapofanikiwa kufunga unakuwa umeisaidia timu yako kufanya vizuri, lakini pia unapofanikiwa kuvunja rekodi za waliokutangulia ni jambo zuri.

“Namshukuru sana Tambwe kwa heshima ambayo amenipatia baada ya kuvunja baadhi ya rekodi zake, lakini pia na mimi napongeza sana kwa kazi kubwa aliyoifanyia Yanga msimu wa 2015/16.

“Kuhusiana na kuivunja rekodi yake hiyo ya mabao 21 hakika anayejua hilo ni Mungu kwani lolote linaweza kutokea katika mechi hizi zilizobakia ila jambo kubwa ambalo naweza kusema ni kwamba nitaendelea kupambana kwa kushirikiana na wachezaji wenzangu ili kuhakikisha tunapata matokeo mazuri katika mechi zetu zilizobakia.

“Ikitokea nikaivunja rekodi hiyo basi nitamshukuru Mungu pia,” alisema Okwi.

CHANZO KUTOKA; SALEHE JEMBE

CONGO CRISIS

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is located in central sub-Saharan Africa, bordered by (clockwise from the southwest) Angola, the South Atlantic Ocean, the Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania across Lake Tanganyika, and Zambia.

MAP OF CONGO

 

 

The president, Joseph-Desire Mobutu, changed the country’s name to Zaire in 1971 (and changed his name to Mobutu Sese Seko). Upon overthrowing Mobutu in 1997, Laurent Desire Kabila changed the name back to Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The Democratic Republic of Congo is slowly recovering from a conflict known as Africa’s first world war, which led to the loss of some five million lives between 1994 and 2003, but many eastern areas are still plagued by violence as various rebel groups continue to operate there.

Poverty has worsened in the Republic of Congo since the 1980s and half the country’s people now live below the poverty line. This average, however, masks wide geographic and economic inequalities. Most of the country’s poor people (64.8 per cent) live in rural areas and women are among the hardest hit by poverty.

The Democratic Republic of Congo is potentially one of the richest countries on earth, but colonialism, slavery and corruption have turned it into one of the poorest, writes historian Dan Snow. The world’s bloodiest conflict since World War II is still rumbling on today.

TYPES OF MINERALS FROM CONGO

 

The Congo Crisis was a period of political upheaval and conflict in the Republic of the Congo (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo)[c] between 1960 and 1965. The crisis began almost immediately after the Congo became independent from Belgium and ended, unofficially, with the entire country under the rule of Joseph-Desire Mobutu. Constituting a series of civil wars, the Congo Crisis was also a proxy conflict in the Cold War, in which the Soviet Union and United States supported opposing factions. Around 100,000 people are believed to have been killed during the crisis.

 

A nationalist movement in the Belgian Congo demanded the end of colonial rule: this led to the country’s independence on 30 June 1960. Minimal preparations had been made and many issues, such as federalism and ethnic nationalism, remained unresolved. In the first week of July, a mutiny broke out in the army and violence erupted between black and white civilians. Belgium sent troops to protect fleeing whites. Katanga and South Kasai seceded with Belgian support. Amid continuing unrest and violence, the United Nations deployed peacekeepers, but UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld refused to use these troops to help the central government in Leopoldville fight the secessionists. Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, the charismatic leader of the largest nationalist faction, reacted by calling for assistance from the Soviet Union, which promptly sent military advisors and other support.

 

The involvement of the Soviets split the Congolese government and led to an impasse between Lumumba and President Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Mobutu, in command of the army, broke this deadlock with a coup d’état, expelled the Soviet advisors and established a new government effectively under his own control. Lumumba was taken captive and subsequently executed in 1961. A rival government of the “Free Republic of the Congo” was founded in the eastern city of Stanleyville by Lumumba supporters led by Antoine Gizenga. It gained Soviet support but was crushed in early 1962. Meanwhile, the UN took a more aggressive stance towards the secessionists after Hammarskjöld was killed in a plane crash in late 1961. Supported by UN troops, Léopoldville defeated secessionist movements in Katanga and South Kasai by the start of 1963.

 

With Katanga and South Kasai back under the government’s control, a reconciliatory compromise constitution was adopted and the exiled Katangese leader, Moïse Tshombe, was recalled to head an interim administration while fresh elections were organised. Before these could be held, however, Maoist-inspired militants calling themselves the “Simbas” rose up in the east of the country. The Simbas took control of a significant amount of territory and proclaimed a communist “People’s Republic of the Congo” in Stanleyville. Government forces gradually retook territory and, in November 1964, Belgium and the United States intervened militarily in Stanleyville to recover hostages from Simba captivity. The Simbas were defeated and collapsed soon after. Following the elections in March 1965, a new political stalemate developed between Tshombe and Kasa-Vubu, forcing the government into near-paralysis. Mobutu mounted a second coup d’état in November 1965, now taking personal control. Under Mobutu’s rule, the Congo (renamed Zaire in 1971) was transformed into a dictatorship which would endure until his deposition in 1997.

Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century. King Leopold II of Belgium, frustrated by Belgium’s lack of international power and prestige, attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexplored Congo Basin.

The First Congo War. In 1996 Rwanda and Uganda invaded the eastern DRC in an effort to root out the remaining perpetrators of the genocide. A coalition comprised of the Ugandan and Rwandan armies, along with Congolese opposition leader Laurent Desire Kabila, eventually defeated dictator Mobutu Sese Seko.

The 23 poorest countries in the world. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ranks in as the poorest country in the world based on its GDP per capita over the 2009-2013 periods.

By 2008, the war and its aftermath had caused 5.4 million deaths, principally through disease and starvation, making the Second Congo War the deadliest conflict worldwide since World War II.

The majority of deaths were resulted from preventable disease rather than directly from war violence. Malaria, diarrheal, respiratory infections and malnutrition topped the list, as a result of health services either being cut off because of the war or reduced because of limited access.

 

The war in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has certainly had devastating economic consequences for Congo itself, but it has also affected the whole of the central Africa region and even some countries not bordering on Congo, notably intervening Zimbabwe and Namibia. There can be no doubt that the economic potential of the entire African continent has been indirectly muted by the war’s huge disruptive impact. At the same time, of course, narrow constituencies of individuals including smugglers, arms dealers, and corrupt military officials have profited handsomely from the war. Poverty has worsened in the Republic of Congo since the 1980s and half the country’s people now live below the poverty line. This average, however, masks wide geographic and economic inequalities. Most

of the country’s poor people (64.8 per cent) live in rural areas and women are among the hardest hit by poverty.

The Second Congo War (also known as the Great War of Africa or the Great African War, and sometimes referred to as the African World War) began in August 1998 in the congo little more than a year after the first congo war and involved some of the same issues. The war officially ended in July 2003, when the CONGO took power. Although a peace agreement was signed in 2002, violence continued in many regions of the country, especially in the east. Hostilities have continued since the ongoing lords in residance army in surgery and the kivu and ituli conflict.

The war in the DRC began in 1993 in Walikale, Masisi and Bwito/Rutshuru in Northern Kivu. The conflict, also known as the ‘Masisi war’, took a new turn in 1996, with the start of the Tutsi-led uprising in Kivu, the so-called ‘First Banyamulenge Rebellion’. This first wave of the Tutsi rebellion, which began simultaneously at the Congo-Uganda borders in Rutshuru (Northern Kivu) and the Congo-Burundi borders in Uvira (Southern Kivu), attracted the attention of the international community early on. It was referred to in the media and in official discourses, not as the war in Kivu, but as ‘the Eastern Congo crisis’. Then, in 1999, when the second wave expanded to Ituri, in the Northeast, the international community’s interest in the Banyamulenge Rebellion dwindled, as the focus shifted to the conflict in Ituri, which for many people was synonymous with the Congo war. Despite the particularities of the two seats of the Congo war, that is Kivu and Ituri, they do have certain common characteristics, which can be traced back to the end of the nineteenth century.

When Kabila gained control of the capital in May 1997, he faced substantial obstacles to governing the country, which he renamed the Democratic republic of congo(DRC) from Zaire . Beyond political jostling among various groups to gain power and an enormous external debt, his foreign backers proved unwilling to leave when asked. The conspicuous Rwandan presence in the capital also rankled many Congolese, who were beginning to see Kabila as a pawn of foreign powers.

Tensions reached new heights on 14 July 1998, when Kabila dismissed his Rwandan chief of staff,James kabarebe, and replaced him with a native Congolese, Celestin Kifwa. Although the move chilled what was already a troubled relationship with Rwanda, Kabila softened the blow by making Kabarebe the military advisor to his successor.